Geography / Knowledge quiz

Where groundwater comes from, and why it moves so slowly

Rain soaks into the soil and moves deeper until the ground is completely soaked at the water table. Then it creeps through tiny pores in rock and sediment.

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Question 1

What is infiltration?

Infiltration is the specific act of water crossing the surface and entering the soil.

Source excerpt
This downward movement of water from the surface into the soil is a process called infiltration.

From the Knowverse course text.

Question 2

What describes the subsequent movement of water deeper through soil layers?

Percolation is the subsequent movement of that water deeper down through the soil layers toward the groundwater.

Source excerpt
Percolation is the subsequent movement of that water deeper down through the soil layers toward the groundwater.

From the Knowverse course text.

Question 3

What is the water table?

The level where the ground becomes completely soaked is known as the Water Table.

Source excerpt
The level where the ground becomes completely soaked is known as the Water Table.

From the Knowverse course text.

Question 4

What is porosity?

Porosity is simply the percentage of a rock's total volume that consists of open spaces or pores.

Source excerpt
Porosity is simply the percentage of a rock's total volume that consists of open spaces or 'pores'.

From the Knowverse course text.

Question 5

Why does a good aquifer need permeability as well as porosity?

Water needs to be able to move through those spaces, which requires permeability.

Source excerpt
Porosity is simply the percentage of a rock's total volume that consists of open spaces or 'pores'.

From the Knowverse course text.

Question 6

How fast does most groundwater move?

Most groundwater moves incredibly slowly, sometimes only a few centimeters per day.

Source excerpt
Porosity is simply the percentage of a rock's total volume that consists of open spaces or 'pores'.

From the Knowverse course text.

Question 7

What is an aquifer?

When we find a large underground layer of rock or sediment that is both porous and permeable, we call it an aquifer.

Source excerpt
When we find a large underground layer of rock or sediment that is both porous and permeable, we call it an Aquifer.

From the Knowverse course text.

Question 8

What happens to the water table during a drought or heavy pumping?

During a drought or heavy pumping, the level drops.

Source excerpt
Porosity is simply the percentage of a rock's total volume that consists of open spaces or 'pores'.

From the Knowverse course text.

Question 9

What is fossil water in an aquifer?

In some dry areas, the water in the aquifer is fossil water that took thousands of years to accumulate.

Source excerpt
Porosity is simply the percentage of a rock's total volume that consists of open spaces or 'pores'.

From the Knowverse course text.

Question 10

Can surface pollution reach the water table?

Chemicals, fertilizers, or waste spilled on the surface can soak into the ground and reach the water table.

Source excerpt
Porosity is simply the percentage of a rock's total volume that consists of open spaces or 'pores'.

From the Knowverse course text.

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From rain to the water table

Rain falls across the landscape and sinks into the earth. This downward movement of surface water into the soil is known as infiltration.

Once inside the soil, moisture continues its journey downward. Percolation is the subsequent movement of that water deeper down through the soil layers toward the groundwater.

The level where the ground becomes completely soaked is known as the Water Table. Above this line, gaps contain air and water, but below it, every single gap is filled with liquid.

Source excerpt
This downward movement of water from the surface into the soil is a process called infiltration.

From the Knowverse course text.

Surface Connections — image from Wikimedia Commons
AlapahaRiver2002 · Stewart Tomlinson, Florida · Public domain

Porosity and permeability

Water stays underground inside the tiny spaces found within rocks and soil layers. Porosity is simply the percentage of a rock's total volume that consists of open spaces or pores.

Having space for water is not enough on its own. The water also needs to be able to move through those spaces, which we call permeability.

Most groundwater moves incredibly slowly, sometimes only a few centimeters per day, because it must navigate these tiny and cramped tunnels beneath the surface.

Source excerpt
Porosity is simply the percentage of a rock's total volume that consists of open spaces or 'pores'.

From the Knowverse course text.

Aquifers and fossil water

When we find a large underground layer of rock or sediment that is both porous and permeable, we call it an aquifer. An aquifer acts as a natural underground reservoir that humans can tap into.

Without these hidden water sources, many of the world's most productive farming regions would be deserts. The water table marks the fill line for this complex underground storage system.

In some dry areas, the water in the aquifer is fossil water that took thousands of years to accumulate. Once it is gone, it will not be replaced in our lifetime.

Source excerpt
When we find a large underground layer of rock or sediment that is both porous and permeable, we call it an Aquifer.

From the Knowverse course text.

Sources

Sources: The Hydrologic System. Each question or step includes an excerpt from the course.