What does a necessary truth represent in modal logic?	A necessary truth is one that remains true no matter how much the world around us changes.
What symbol represents necessity in formal modal logic?	The box symbol (☐), placed before a statement to show it must be true.
How is a possible world defined in logic?	A possible world is a total, finished version of history representing a way things could have been.
What core problem does the Liar Paradox expose?	It combines self-reference with negation, creating a loop that challenges the principle of bivalence.
What is Russell's Paradox?	A contradiction arising from a catalog that lists every catalog that does not list itself.
What is the Sorites Paradox about?	It shows how small, continuous changes can turn a true statement into a false one without a clear cutoff, such as removing grains from a heap.
What is Affirming the Consequent?	A formal fallacy where someone assumes that because a result is present, a specific cause must have triggered it.
What is the Principle of Explosion in classical logic?	A total collapse where accepting a single contradiction allows you to logically prove that anything is true.